What is Web-Scale?
According to this article from Gartner's blog, "Web-Scale" is a term that Gartner uses "in an effort to describe all of the things happening at large cloud services firms such as Google, Amazon, Rackspace, Netflix, Facebook, etc., that enables them to achieve extreme levels of service delivery as compared to many of their enterprise counterparts." The article further identifies 6 elements that web scale has:
- Industrial data centers,
- Web-oriented architectures,
- Programmable management,
- Agile processes,
- A collaborative organization style and
- A learning culture.
Nutanix on the other hand suggest that a Web Scale Infrastructure has these 5 essential elements:
- Hyper-convergence on x86 servers
- Intelligence in Software
- Distributed Everything
- Self-Healing System
- API-based Automation and Rich Analytic
The main idea of a Web Scaled IT infrastructure is to follow how the huge web companies such as Google, Facebook or Netflix build, deploy and manage their data center. Web Scale principle can be applied to enterprise and even SMBs (Small to Medium Business) to provide agility, scaling and better return on investment (RTO) on x86 hardware.
Nutanix
In marketing term, Nutanix offers the Nutanix Web-scale hyper-converged infrastructure solutions which "revolutionizing the enterprise datacenter by delivering efficient, radically simple physical, virtual and cloud environments."
Nutanix's product offerings comes in a varieties of mix and match of it software editions and hardware platforms.
Nutanix hardware platform includes:
- NX-1000 series
- NX-3000 series
- NX-6000 series
- NX-7000 series
- NX-8000 series
- NX-9000 series
Nutanix software editions includes:
- Starter
- Pro
- Ultimate
For detail specification and description of the software, we can visit this page.
The Nutanix Solutions
According to the Nutanix web page: "The Nutanix Virtual Computing Platform is a web-scale converged infrastructure solution that consolidates the compute (server) tier and the storage tier into a single, integrated appliance.
The Nutanix Virtual Computing Platform integrates high-performance server resources with enterprise-class storage in a cost-effective 2U appliance. It eliminates the need for network-based storage architecture, such as a storage area network (SAN) or network-attached storage (NAS). The scalability and performance that the world’s largest, most efficient datacenters enjoy are now available to all enterprises and government agencies."
From the above paragraph, I believed that "web-scale converged infrastructure" is the most important words that describes Nutanix's solution which is web scale and with a converged infrastructure. Providing to customer the ability to scale like the big web companies such as Google, Facebook or Netflix with a converged infrastructure bringing hypervisor, compute, storage and networking into a single appliance.
All the Nutanix hardware platforms can be "linked" together as a cluster. The key to Nutanix's solution is distribution of operation thus making the infrastructure agile and resilience. .
Here is a "Simple Explanation of How Nutanix Works"
Nutanix Innovations
Nutanix does not have any special hardware, all their innovations are on the software - Nutanix Controller Virtual Machine. At of now there are 3 flavors of virtual machines that are specially tuned to their respective hypervisor platform:
- VMware vSphere
- Microsoft Hyper-V
- Linux KVM
- Nutanix Distributed File System
- Cluster management
image source: http://cdn1.stevenpoitras.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/NDFS_NodeDetail2.png
Nutanix Distributed File System
A Nutanix cluster consist of one or more appliance which has a minimum of 3 nodes. Together it form the Nutanix Distributed File system (NDFS).
image source: http://cdn.stevenpoitras.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/CVM_Dist.png
This distributed file system is to provide data efficiency and data protection. To the virtual machine in this web-scale converged infrastructure, the NDFS is a single data store. The data efficiency and protection is abstracted from the user. With this architecture, there is no need to have a separate and dedicated hardware to perform inline deduplication and compression. According to Nutanix website NDFS has the following advantages:
- Self-healing
- Built-in converged backup and disaster recovery
- Scheduled snapshots to align with RPO and RTO
- Data localization in which data moves with the VM
- Elastic Deduplication Engine to perform deduplication in RAM
- Array-side compression
Cluster Management
The other main function of the Nutanix Controller Virtual Machine is the management, coordination and application of the key Nutanix technologies in the cluster. This diagram shows the high level components of a Nutanix cluster
image source: http://cdn.stevenpoitras.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/NDFS_ClusterComponents.png
Nutanix has a good document on its technologies - Nutanix Bible. This document is an ongoing updated document provided by Steven Poitaris for the Nutanix product. It has so much detail on a lot of subjects. It has a good description of each of these components and I extra the text from the Nutanix Bible:Cassandra
- Key Role: Distributed metadata store
- Description: Cassandra stores and manages all of the cluster metadata in a distributed ring like manner based upon a heavily modified Apache Cassandra. The Paxos algorithm is utilized to enforce strict consistency. This service runs on every node in the cluster. Cassandra is accessed via an interface called Medusa.
Zookeeper
- Key Role: Cluster configuration manager
- Description: Zeus stores all of the cluster configuration including hosts, IPs, state, etc. and is based upon Apache Zookeeper. This service runs on three nodes in the cluster, one of which is elected as a leader. The leader receives all requests and forwards them to the peers. If the leader fails to respond a new leader is automatically elected. Zookeeper is accessed via an interface called Zeus.
Stargate
- Key Role: Data I/O manager
- Description: Stargate is responsible for all data management and I/O operations and is the main interface from the hypervisor (via NFS, iSCSI or SMB). This service runs on every node in the cluster in order to serve localized I/O.
Curator
- Key Role: Map reduce cluster management and cleanup
- Description: Curator is responsible for managing and distributing tasks throughout the cluster including disk balancing, proactive scrubbing, and many more items. Curator runs on every node and is controlled by an elected Curator Master who is responsible for the task and job delegation.
Prism
- Key Role: UI and API
- Description: Prism is the management gateway for component and administrators to configure and monitor the Nutanix cluster. This includes Ncli, the HTML5 UI and REST API. Prism runs on every node in the cluster and uses an elected leader like all components in the cluster.
Genesis
- Key Role: Cluster component & service manager
- Description: Genesis is a process which runs on each node and is responsible for any services interactions (start/stop/etc.) as well as for the initial configuration. Genesis is a process which runs independently of the cluster and does not require the cluster to be configured/running. The only requirement for genesis to be running is that Zookeeper is up and running. The cluster_init and cluster_status pages are displayed by the genesis process.
Chronos
- Key Role: Job and Task scheduler
- Description: Chronos is responsible for taking the jobs and tasks resulting from a Curator scan and scheduling/throttling tasks among nodes. Chronos runs on every node and is controlled by an elected Chronos Master who is responsible for the task and job delegation and runs on the same node as the Curator Master.
Cerebro
- Key Role: Replication/DR manager
- Description: Cerebro is responsible for the replication and DR capabilities of NDFS. This includes the scheduling of snapshots, the replication to remote sites, and the site migration/failover. Cerebro runs on every node in the Nutanix cluster and all nodes participate in replication to remote clusters/sites.
Pithos
- Key Role: vDisk configuration manager
- Description: Pithos is responsible for vDisk (NDFS file) configuration data. Pithos runs on every node and is built on top of Cassandra.
Nutanix Use Cases
Being a web-scale converged infrastructure, Nutanix has the following but not limited to the following use cases:
- VDI
- Enterprise Branch Offices
- Big Data
- Private Cloud
- Disaster Recovery
Reference:
"Cameron Haight." Cameron Haight RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2014
"Architecture | Nutanix." Nutanix. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2014.
"The Nutanix Bible - StevenPoitras.com." StevenPoitrascom. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2014.
